[Reference used for this page is ‘A Rapid Sanskrit Method’ by George L. Hart]

Present Active Participles

The present active participle of any verb is formed by removing the final “i” of the 3rd person plural active form of the verb. [So, class 3 forms end in “at” and other class forms end in”ant”]

Feminines of these forms are made as follows: Thematic verbs (classes 1,4,6 and 10) form feminines in “antī”. Athematic verbs form their feminines in “atī”. [Class 6 verbs may optionally take the “atī” form also, while class 2 verbs ending in “ā” may optionally take the “antī” ending also.]

Since the formation of the present active participles are very regular only a few examples are shown.

Root	Class	Present active participle	Present active participle (feminine)
bhū	1	bhavant	bhavantī
sthā	1	tiṣṭhant	tiṣṭhantī
paś	4	paśyant	paśyantī
viś	6	viśant	viśantī / viśatī
pracch	6	pr̥cchant	pr̥cchantī / pr̥cchatī
cur	10	corayant	corayantī
han	2	ghnant	ghnatī
as	2	sant	satī
snā	2	snānt	snātī / snāntī
dhā	3	dadhat	dadhatī
dā	3	dadat	dadatī
bhr̥	3	bibhrat	bibhratī
śru	5	śr̥ṇvant	śr̥ṇvatī
yuj	7	yuñjant	yuñjatī
kr̥	8	kurvant	kurvatī
krī	9	krīṇant	krīṇatī

Present Middle Participles

Present middle participles of thematic verbs are formed by adding “māna” to the 3rd person present plural middle instead of the ending “ante”. Present middle participles of athematic verbs are formed by adding “āna” to the 3rd person present plural middle instead of the ending “ate”. The formation is very regular. Examples: labh –> labhamāna ; yuj –> yuñjāna

Some other forms

Table 1

Root	Present 3rd singular	Passive present 3rd singular	3rd single present causative	3rd single causative passive
arh	arhate		arhayati
as	asti
āp	āpnoti	āpyate	āpayati	āpyate
ās	āste	āsyate	āsayati	āsyate
hvā, hu	hvayati	hūyate
i	eti	īyate
iṣ	ichati	iṣyate	eṣayati
kr̥	karoti	kriyate	kārayati	kāryate
kr̥ṣ	karṣati	kr̥ṣyte	karṣayati	karṣyate
kl̥p	kalpate	kl̥pyate	kalpayati	kalpyate
krī	krīṇāti	krīyate	krāpayati	krāpyate
krīḍ	krīḍati	krīḍyate	krīḍayati	krīḍyate
gam	gacchati	gamyate	gamayati	gamyate
grah	gr̥hṇāti	gr̥hyate	grāhayati	grāhyate
cur	corayati	coryate	corayati	coryate
jan	jāyate	none	janayati	janyate
ji	jayati	jīyate	jāpayati	jāpyate
jīv	jīvati	jīvyate	jīvayati	jīvyate
jñā	jānāti	jñāyate	jñāpayati	jñapyate
tyaj	tyajati	tyajyate	tyājayati	tyājyate
dah	dahati	dahyate	dāhayati	dāhyate
dā	dadāti	dīyate	dāpayati	dāpyate
dhāv	dhāvati	dhāvyate	dhāvayati	dhāvyate
naś	naśyati	naśyate	nāśayati	nāśyate
grah	gr̥bhṇāti	gr̥hyate	grāhayati	grāhyate
diś	di?ṣati	diśyate	deśayati
nī	nayati	nīyate	nāyayati	nāyyate
paṭh	paṭhati	paṭhyate	pāṭhayati	pāṭhyate
paś	paśyati	dr̥śyate	darśayati	darśyate
pā	pibati	pīyate	pāyayati	pāyyate
pīḍ	pīḍayati	pīḍyate	pīḍayati	pīḍyate
pracch	pr̥cchati	pr̥cchyate	pracchayati	pracchyate
īkṣ	īkṣati	īkṣyate	īkṣayati	īkṣyate
yuj	yunakti	yujyate	yojayati	yojyate
brū	bravīti
bhū	bhavati	bhūyate	bhāvayati	bhāvyate
bhr̥	bibharti	bhriyate	bhārayati	bhāryate
man	manyate	manyate	mānayati	mānyate
muc	muñcati	mucyate	muñcayati	muñcyate
mr̥	mriyate		mārayati	māryate
yaj	yajati	ijyate	yājayati
yam	yacchati	yamyate	yamayati	yamyate
labh	labhate	labhyate	lambhayati	lambhyate
likh	likhati	likhyate	lekhayati	lekhyate
vac	vakti	ucyate	vācayati	vācyate
vad	vadati	udyate	vādayati	vādyate
vas	vasati	uṣyate	vāsayati	vāsyate
vah	vahati	uhyate	vāhayati	vāhyate
vid (find))	vindati	vidyate	vedayati
vid (know)	vetti	vidyate	vedayati	vedyate
dhā	dadhāti / dhatte	dhīyate	dhāpayati	dhāpyate
viś	viśati	viśyate	veśayati	veśyate
vr̥t	vartate	vr̥tyate	vartayati	vartyate
vr̥dh	vardhate	vr̥dhyate	vardhayati	vardhyate
śaṃs	śaṃsati	śasyate	śaṃsayati	śaṃsyate
śak
śru	śr̥ṇoti	śrūyate	śrāvayati	śrāvyate
sev	sevate	sevyate	sevayati	sevyate
sthā	tiṣṭhati	sthīyate	sthāpayati	sthāpyate
spr̥ś	spr̥śati	spr̥śyate	sparśayati	sparśyate
smr̥	smarati	smriyate	smārayati	smāryate
han	hanti	hanyate	ghātayati	ghātyate
has	hasati		hāsayati	hāsyate
hā	jahāti	hīyate	hāpayati	hāpyate
adhī (adhi + i)	adhīte	adhīyate	adhyāpayati	adhyāpyate

Table 2

Root	Past Passive participle	Past Passive participle causative	Continuative (ktvAnta)	Lyabanta (P – prefix)
arh
as
āp	āpta	āpita	āptvā	Pāpya
ās	āsita	āsita	āsitvā	Pāsya
hvā, hu	hūta		hūtvā	Phuya
i	ita		itvā	Pitya
iṣ	iṣṭa		iṣtvā	Piṣya
kr̥	kr̥ta	kārita	kr̥tvā	Pkr̥tya
kr̥ṣ	kr̥ṣṭa	karṣita	kr̥ṣṭvā	Pkr̥ṣya
kl̥p	kl̥pta	kalpita	kl̥ptvā	Pkl̥pya
krī	krīta	krāpita	krītvā	Pkrīya
krīḍ	krīḍita	krīḍita	krīḍitvā	Pkrīḍya
gam	gata	gamita	gatvā	Pgamya, Pgatya
grah	gr̥hīta	grāhita	gr̥hītvā	Pgr̥hya
cur	corita	corita	corayitvā	Pcorya
jan	jāta	janita	jātvā
ji	jita	jāpita	jitvā	Pjitya
jīv	jīvita	jīvita	jīvitvā	Pjīvya
jñā	jñāta	jñāpta	jñātvā	Pjñaya
tyaj	tyakta	tyājita	tyaktvā	Ptyajya
dah	dagdha	dāhita	dagdhvā	Pdahya
dā	datta	dāpita	dattvā	Pdāya
dhāv	dhāvita	dhāvita	dhāvitvā	Pdhāvya
naś	naṣṭa	nāśita	naṣtvā	Pnaśya
grah	gr̥hīta		gr̥hītvā	Pgr̥hya
diś	diṣṭa			Pdiśya
nī	nīta	nāyita	nītvā	Pnīya
paṭh	paṭhita	pāṭhita	paṭhitvā	Ppaṭhya
paś	dr̥ṣṭa	darśita	dr̥ṣtvā	Pdr̥śya
pā	pīta	pāyita	pītvā	Ppāya
pīḍ	pīḍita	pīḍita	pīḍitvā	Ppīḍya
pracch	pr̥ṣṭa	pracchita	pr̥ṣtvā	Ppracchya
īkṣ	īkṣita		īkṣitvā	Pīkṣya
yuj	yukta		yuktvā	Pyujya
brū
bhū	bhūta	bhāvita	bhūtvā	Pbhūya
bhr̥	bhr̥ta	bhārita	bhr̥tvā	Pbhr̥tya
man	mata	mānita	matvā	Pmatya
muc	mukta	muñcita	muktvā	Pmucya
mr̥	mr̥ta	mārita	mr̥tvā	Pmr̥tya
yaj	iṣṭa		iṣṭvā
yam	yata	yamita	yatvā	Pyamya, Pyatya
labh	labdha	lambhita	labdhvā	Plabhya
likh	likhita	lekhita	likhitvā	Plikhya
vac	ukta	vācita	uktvā	Pucya
vad	udita	vādita	uditvā	Pudya
vas	uṣita	vāsita	uṣitvā	Puṣya
vah	ūdha	vāhita	ūdhvā	Pūhya
vid (find))	vitta		vittvā	Pvidya
vid (know)	vidita		viditvā
dhā	hita	dhāpita	hitvā	Pdhāya
viś	viṣṭa	veśita	viṣtvā	Pviśya
vr̥t	vr̥tta	vartita	vr̥ttvā	Pvr̥tya
vr̥dh	vr̥ddha	vardhita	vr̥ddhvā	Pvr̥dhya
śaṃs	śasta	śaṃsita	śastvā	Pśasya
śak
śru	śruta	śrāvita	śrutvā	Pśrutya
sev	sevita	sevita	sevitvā	Psevya
sthā	sthita	sthāpita	sthitvā	Psthāya
spr̥ś	spr̥ṣṭa	sparśita	spr̥ṣtvā	Pspr̥śya
smr̥	smr̥ta	smārita	smr̥tvā	Psmr̥tya
han	hata	ghātita	hatvā	Phatya
has	hasita	hāsita	hasitvā	Phasya
hā	hīna	hāpita	hātvā	Phāya
adhī (adhi + i)	adhīta	adhyāpita		adhītya

Table 3

Root	Infinitive	Simple future 3rd singular	Periphrastic future 3rd singular	3rd singular perfect
arh
as				āsa
āp	āptum	āpsyati	āptā	āpa
ās	āsitum	āsiṣyate	āsitā	āsāṃ cakre
hvā, hu	Phvayitum	hvayiṣyati	hvātā	juhāva
i	etum	eṣyati	etā	iyāya
iṣ	eṣṭum	eṣiṣyati	eṣtā	iyeṣa
kr̥	kartum	kariṣyati	kartā	cakāra
kr̥ṣ	kraṣṭum	karkṣyati	karṣtā	cakrṣa
kl̥p	kalpitum	kalpiṣyate	kalpitā	caklpe
krī	kretum	kreṣyati	kretā	cikrāya
krīḍ	krīḍitum	krīḍiṣyati	krīḍitā	cikrīḍa
gam	gantum	gamiṣyati	gantā	jagāma
grah	grahītum	grahīṣyati	grahītā	jagrāha
cur	corayitum	corayiṣyati	corayitā	corayām asa
jan	janitum	janiṣyate	janitā	jajñe
ji	jetum	jeṣyati	jetā	jigāya
jīv	jīvitum	jīviṣyati	jīvitā	jijīva
jñā	jñatum	jñasyati	jñatā	jajñau
tyaj	tyaktum	tyakṣyati	tyaktā	tatyāja
dah	dagdhum	dhakṣyati	dagdhā	dadāha
dā	dātum	dāsyati	dātā	dadau
dhāv	dhāvitum	dhāviṣyati	dhāvitā	dadhāva
naś	naṣṭum	naṅkṣyati, naśiṣyati	naśitā	nanāśa
grah	grahītum	grahīṣyati	grahītā	jagrāha
diś	deṣṭum	dekṣyati	deṣtā	dideśa
nī	netum	neṣyati	netā	nināya
paṭh	paṭhitum	paṭhiṣyati	paṭhitā	papāṭha
paś	draṣṭum	drakṣyati	draṣtā	dadarśa
pā	pātum	pāsyati	pātā	papau
pīḍ	pīḍitum	pīḍīṣyati	pīḍitā	pipīḍa
pracch	praṣṭum	prakṣyati	praṣtā	papraccha
īkṣ	īkṣitum	pratīkṣiṣyati	īkṣitā	īkṣāṃ cakre
yuj	yoktum	yokṣyati	yoktā	yuyuje
brū
bhū	bhavitum	bhaviṣyati	bhavitā	babhūva
bhr̥	bhartum	bhariṣyati	bhartā	babhāra
man	mantum	maṃsyati	mantā	mene
muc	moktum	mokṣyati	moktā	mumoca
mr̥	martum	mariṣyati	martā	mamāra
yaj	yaṣṭum	yakṣyati	yaṣṭa	īje
yam	yantum	yaṃsyati	yantā	yayāma
labh	labhdum	lapsyate	labhdā	lebhe
likh	likhitum, lekhitum	lekhiṣyati	lekhitā	lilekha
vac	vaktum	vakṣyati	vaktā	uvāca
vad	vaditum	vadiṣyati		uvāda
vas	vastum	vatsayti	vastā	uvāsa
vah	voḍhum	vakṣyati	voḍhā	uvāha
vid (find))	vettum	vetsyati	Pvettā	viveda
vid (know)	vettum	vediṣyati	veditā	veda
dhā	dhātum	dhāsyati, te	dhātā	dadhau, dadhe
viś	veṣṭum	vekṣyati	veṣtā	viveśa
vr̥t	vartitum	vartiṣyate	vartitā	vavr̥te
vr̥dh	vardhitum	vardhiṣyate	vardhitā	vavr̥dhe
śaṃs	śaṃsitum	śaṃsiṣyati	śaṃsitā	śaśaṃsa
śak		śakṣyati	śaktā	śaśāka
śru	śrotum	śroṣyati	śrotā	śuśrāva
sev	sevitum	seviṣyate	sevitā	siṣeve
sthā	sthātum	sthāsyati	sthātā	tasthau
spr̥ś	spraṣṭum	sprakṣyati	spraṣtā	pasparśa
smr̥	smartum	smariṣyati	smartā	sasmāra
han	hantum	haniṣyati	hantā	jaghāna
has	hasitum	hasiṣyati	hasitā	jahāsa
hā	hātum	hāsyati	hātā	jahau
adhī (adhi + i)	adhyetum	adhyeṣyate	adhyetā	adhīye

Table 4

Root	3rd plural perfect	ya gerundive (P-prefix)	tavya gerundive (P-prefix)	anIya gerundive (P-prefix)
arh				arhaṇīya
as	āsuḥ
āp	āpuḥ	āpya	āptavya
ās	āsāṃ cakrire		āsitavya
hvā, hu	juhuvuḥ	havya	Phvayitavya
i	īyuḥ	eya	etavya
iṣ	īṣuḥ	eṣya	eṣṭavya	eṣaṇīya
kr̥	cakruḥ	kārya	kartavya	karaṇīya
kr̥ṣ	cakr̥ṣuḥ		kraṣṭavya	karṣaṇīya
kl̥p	caklpire	kalpya	kalpitavya	kalpanīya
krī	cikriyuḥ	kravya	kretavya
krīḍ	cikrīḍuḥ		krīḍitavya
gam	jagmuḥ	gamya	gantavya	gamanīya
grah	jagr̥huḥ	grāhya	grāhitavya	grahaṇiya
cur	corayām asuḥ	corya	corayitavya	coraṇīya
jan	jajñire	janya	janayitavya
ji	jigyuḥ	jeya	jetavya
jīv	jijīvuḥ	jīvya	jīvitavya	jīvanīya
jñā	jajñuḥ	jñeya	jñātavya
tyaj	tatyajuḥ	tyajya/tyājya	tyaktavya
dah	dehuḥ	dāhya	dagdhavya
dā	daduḥ	deya	dātavya
dhāv	dadhāvuḥ		dhāvitavya	dhāvanīya
naś	neśuḥ		naṣṭavya
grah	jagr̥huḥ	grāhya	grahītavya	grahaṇīya
diś	didiśuḥ	deśya	deṣṭavya
nī	ninyuḥ	neya	netavya
paṭh	papaṭhuḥ	pāthya	paṭhitavya	paṭhanīya
paś	dadr̥śuḥ	dr̥śya	draṣṭavya	darśanīya
pā	papuḥ	peya	pātavya	pānīya
pīḍ	pipīḍuḥ	pīḍya	pīḍitavya	pīḍanīya
pracch	papracchuḥ	pr̥cchya	praṣṭavya
īkṣ	īkṣāṃ cakrire	Pīkṣya	Pīkṣitavya	Ptīkṣaṇīya
yuj	yuyujire	yojya	yoktavya	yojanīya
brū
bhū	babhūvuḥ	bhāvya	bhavitavya
bhr̥	babhruḥ	bhr̥tya, bhārya	bhartavya	bharaṇīya
man	menire		mantavya
muc	mumucuḥ	mocya	moktavya	mocanīya
mr̥	mamruḥ		martavya
yaj	ījire	yājya	yaṣṭavya	yājanīya
yam	yemuḥ	yamya	yantavya
labh	lebhire	labhya	labdhavya
likh	lilikhuḥ	likhya, lekhya	likhitavya	lekhanīya
vac	ūcuḥ	vācya	vaktavya	vacanīya
vad	ūduḥ	vādya	vaditavya
vas	ūṣuḥ	vāsya	vastavya
vah	ūhuḥ	vāhya	voḍhavya	vāhanīya
vid (find))	vividuḥ	Pvidya	Pvettavya	Pvedanīya
vid (know)	viduḥ	vedya	veditavya	vedanīya
dhā	dadhuḥ, dadhire	Pdheya	Pdhātavya
viś	viviśuḥ	veśya	veṣṭavya
vr̥t	vavr̥tire		varitavya	vartanīya
vr̥dh	vavr̥dhire		vardhitavya	vardhanīya
śaṃs	śaśaṃsuḥ	śaṃsya		śaṃsanīya
śak	śekuḥ	śakya
śru	śuśruvuḥ	śravya, śrāvya	śrotavya	śravanīya
sev	siṣevire	sevya	sevitavya	sevanīya
sthā	tasthuḥ	stheya	sthātavya
spr̥ś	paspr̥śuḥ	spr̥śya	spraṣṭavya	sparśanīya
smr̥	sasmaruḥ	smarya	smartavya	smaraṇīya
han	jaghnuḥ		hantavya
has	jahasuḥ	hāsya	hasitavya	hasanīya
hā	jahuḥ	heya	hātavya
adhī (adhi + i)	adhīyire	adhyeya	adhyetavya